What type of memory is typically described as non-volatile?

The type of memory typically described as non-volatile is Read-Only Memory (ROM). ROM is designed to retain its contents even when the power is turned off, meaning that the data stored in ROM remains intact and accessible after a shutdown or restart of the device. This characteristic makes it suitable for storing firmware or essential system instructions that must be available as soon as the device powers up, such as the basic input/output system (BIOS) in computers.

In contrast, Random Access Memory (RAM) and Cache Memory are volatile types of memory, meaning they lose all stored data when the power is off. Virtual Memory, on the other hand, is a technique that uses storage space to extend the apparent amount of memory available to the system but is not considered a type of physical memory itself.